Click here for full access to papers as copyright permits or please email me to request a reprint (J.Cumming@bham.ac.uk).
Advance Online
Cooley, S. J., Eves, F. F., Cumming, J., & Burns, V. E. (in press). “Hitting the ground running”: Preparing groups for outdoor learning using a theoretically-based video. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2018.1558081
2019
Kosteli, M. Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2019). Exploring imagery as a technique for promoting physical activity in older adults. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 38, 405-424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236618767083
2018
Anuar, N., Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2018). Comparing PETTLEP imagery against observation imagery on vividness and ease of movement imagery. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 150-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1177104
Cumming, J. & Eaves, D. L. (2018). The nature, measurement, and development of imagery ability. Imagination, Cognition and Personality. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236617752439 %5BEditorial for Special Issue on Imagery Ability]
Cumming, J., Weibuill, F., & Newell, E. (2018). Golfer’s imagery use. In M. R. Toms (Ed), The Routledge International Handbook of Golf Science. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.
Holland, M. J. G., Cooley, S. J., & Cumming, J. (2018). Identifying, measuring, and facilitating psychological skill development. In C. Knight, C. Harwood, & D. Gould (Eds.), Sport Psychology for Young Athletes (p. 43-54). Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.
Kosteli, M., Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2018). Self-Regulatory Imagery and Physical Activity in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Social-Cognitive Perspective. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 26, 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2016-0024
Quinton, M. L., Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2018). Investigating the mediating role of positive and negative imagery ability. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.10.011
Quinton, M., Cumming, J., Allsop, J., Gray, R., & Williams, S. E. (2018). Imagery meaning and content in golf: effects on performance, anxiety, and confidence. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 382-397. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2016.1242150
2017
Anuar, N., Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2017). Do the Physical and Environment PETTLEP Elements Predict Sport Imagery Ability? European Journal of Sports Science, 17, 1319-1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1377290
Burns, V., Cumming, J., Cooley, S., Holland, M., & Beech, N. (2017). “Skills don’t transfer themselves: Translating training courses into lasting behaviour change. Education in Practice, 3, 8-12.
Cumming, J., Cooley, S. J., Anuar, N., Kosteli, M., Quinton, M. L., Weibull, F., & Williams, S. E. (2016). Developing Imagery Ability Effectively:
A Guide to Layered Stimulus Response Training. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 8, 22-33. doi: 10.1080/21520704.2016.1205698
Kosteli, M., Heneghan, N., Roskell, C., Williams, S. E., Adab, P., Dicken s, A. P., Enocson, A., Fitzmaurice, D., Jolly, K., Jordan, R., Greenfield, S., & Cumming, J. (2017). Barriers and enablers of physical activity engagement for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 12, 1019-1031.
Noordali, F., Cumming, J., & Thompson, J. L. (2017). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on physiological and psychological complications in adults with diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of Health Psychology, 22, 965-983. doi: 10.1177/1359105315620293
Weibull, F., Cumming, J., Cooley, S. J., Williams, S. E., & Burns, V. E. (2017). Examining the feasibility of a short intervention for improving exercise imagery ability. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity. https://doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2016-0008
2016
Anuar, N., Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2016). Effects of applying the PETTLEP model on vividness and ease of imaging movement. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28, 185-198. doi: 10.1080/10413200.2015.1099122
Anuar, N., Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2016). Comparing PETTLEP imagery against observation imagery on vividness and ease of movement imagery. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2016.1177104
Cooley, S. J., Burns, V. E., & Cumming, J. (2016). Using outdoor adventure education to develop student groupwork skills: A quantitative exploration of reaction and learning. Journal of Experiential Education. doi: 10.1177/1053825916668899
Kosteli, M., Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2016). Investigating the psychosocial determinants of physical activity in older adults: A qualitative approach. Psychology and Health. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2016.1143943 [Open Access]
Martini, R., Carter, M. J., Yoxon, E., Cumming, J., Ste-Marie, D. M. (2016). Development and validation of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire for Children (MIQ-C). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 20, 190-201. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.008 or download here
Nordin-Bates, S. M., Schwarz, J. F. A., Quested, E., Cumming, J., Aujla, I. J., & Redding, E. (2016). Within- and Between-Person Predictors of Disordered Eating Attitudes among Male and Female Dancers: Findings from the UK Centres for Advanced Training. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 101-111. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.07.004
Ntoumanis, N., & Cumming, J. (2016). Self-regulation in sport. In Schinke, R. J., K. R. McGannon, & Smith, B. (Eds.), The Routledge International Handbook of Sport Psychology. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge
Quinton, M., Cumming, J., Allsop, J., Gray, R., & Williams, S. E. (2016). Imagery meaning and content in golf: effects on performance, anxiety, and confidence. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2016.1242150
2015
Cooley, S. J., Burns, V. E., & Cumming, J. (2015). The Role of Outdoor Education in Facilitating Groupwork in Higher Education. Higher Education, 69, 567-582. doi: 10.1007/s10734-014-9791-4.
Cooley, S. J., Cumming, J., Holland, M. J. G., & Burns, V. E. (2015). Developing the Model for Optimal Learning and Transfer (MOLT) following an evaluation of outdoor groupwork skills programmes. European Journal of Training and Development, 39, 104-121. doi: 10.1108/EJTD-06-2014-0046
Ho, M. S. H., Appleton, P. R., Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2015). Examining the relationship between perfectionism dimensions and burnout symptoms in deaf and hearing athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9, 156-172. doi: 10.1123/jcsp.2014-0035
Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2015). Athlete imagery ability: A predictor of confidence and anxiety intensity and direction. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2015.1025809
Williams, S. E., Guillot, A., Di Rienzo, F, & Cumming, J. (2015). Comparing self-report and mental chronometry measures of motor imagery ability. European Journal of Sport Sciences. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1051133
2014
Cooley, S. J., Holland, M. J. G., Cumming, J., Novakovic, E. G., Burns, V. E. (2014). Introducing the use of a semi-structured video diary room to investigate students’ learning experiences during an outdoor adventure education groupwork skills course. Higher Education, 67, 105-121. doi:10.1007/s10734-013-9645-5
Cumming, J., Woodcock, C., Cooley, S. J., Holland, M. J. G., & Burns, V. E. (2014). Development and Validation of the Groupwork Skills Questionnaire (GSQ) for Higher Education. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education. doi: 10.1080/02602938.2014.957642
Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2014). Imagery. In R. C. Eklund and G. Tenenbuam (Eds), Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology (p. 369-373). Los Angelas: Sage.
Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2014). Mental rehearsal. In R. C. Eklund and G. Tenenbuam (Eds), Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology (p. 433-435). Los Angelas: Sage.
Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2014). Multimodal mental training. In R. C. Eklund and G. Tenenbuam (Eds), Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology (p. 490-492). Los Angelas: Sage.
Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2014). Simulation training. In R. C. Eklund and G. Tenenbuam (Eds), Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology (p. 676-678).
Los Angelas: Sage.
Nordin-Bates, S. M., Hill, A. P., Cumming, J., Aujla, I. J., & Redding, E. (2014). A longitudinal examination of the relationship between perfectionism and motivational climate. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36, 382-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0245
Quested, E., Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2014). Profiles of perfectionism, motivation, and self-evaluations among dancers: An extended analysis of Cumming and Duda (2012). International Journal of Sport Psychology, 45, 349-368. doi: 10.7352/IJSP 2014.45.349. In special issue on Perfectionism in Sport and Dance (edited by Andrew P. Hill, Paul R. Appleton, & Howard, K. Hall)
Quinton, M. L., Cumming, J., Gray, R., Geeson, J., Crowley, H., Cooper, A., & Williams, S. E. (2014). A PETTLEP imagery intervention with young athletes. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 9, 47-59. doi: 10.1515/jirspa-2014-0003.
Weibull, F., Cumming, J., Cooley, S. J., Williams, S. E., & Burns, V. E. (2014). Walk this way: A brief exercise imagery intervention increases barrier self-efficacy in women. Current Psychology, 34, 477-490. doi: 10.1007/s12144-014-9271-0
2013
Cooley, S. J., Williams, S. E., Burns, V. E., & Cumming, J. (2013). Methodological variations in guided imagery interventions using movement imagery scripts in sport: A systematic review. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 8, 1-22. doi:10.1515/jirspa-2012-0005
Cumming, J. (2013). Two issues in educational research: A response to “Reviewing Education Concerns”. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 13, 1-4.
Cumming, J., & Anderson, G. M. (2013). Guided imagery. In Gellman, M. D. & Turner, J. R. Eds), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine (p. 881-883). New York: Springer. ISBN = 978-1-4419-1005-9_1341.
Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2013). Introducing the revised applied model of deliberate imagery use for sport, dance, exercise, and rehabilitation. Movement & Sport Sciences – Science & Motricité, 82, 69-81. doi: 10.1051/sm/2013098
Long, J., & Cumming, J. (2013). Psychosocial predictors. In Gellman, M. D. & Turner, J. R. (Eds), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine (p. 1584-1585). New York: Springer. ISBN = 978-1-4419-1005-9_1341.
Long, J., & Cumming, J. (2013). Psychosocial variables. In Gellman, M. D. & Turner, J. R. (Eds), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine (p. 1585-1587). New York: Springer. ISBN = 978-1-4419-1005-9_1341.
Sharp, L., Holland, M. J. G., Woodcock, C., Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2013) A qualitative evaluation of a mental skills training program with youth athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 27, 219-232.
Smeeton, N.J., Hibbert, J. Stevenson, K., Cumming, J., & Williams, A.M. (2013). Can imagery facilitate improvements in anticipation behavior? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 200-210.
Williams, S. E., Cooley, S. J., & Cumming, J. (2013). Layered stimulus response training improves motor imagery ability and movement execution. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 35, 60-71.
Williams, S. E.,, Cooley, S. J., Newell, E., Weibull, F., & Cumming, J. (2013). Seeing the difference: Advice for developing effective imagery scripts for athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 4, 109-121. doi: 10.1080/21520704.2013.781560
2012
Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2012). Profiles of perfectionism, body-related concerns, and indicators of psychological health in vocational dance students: An investigation of the 2 x 2 model of perfectionism. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 729-738. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.05.004
Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2012). The role of imagery in performance. In S. Murphy (Ed), Handbook of Sport and Performance Psychology (p. 213-232). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Stanley, D. M., Cumming, J., Standage, M., & Duda, J. L. (2012). Images of exercising: Exploring the imagery use and cognitions of exercisers from a self-determination perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 133-141.
Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Cumming, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Nikitaras, N. (2012). Exercise imagery and its correlates in older adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 19-25.
Williams. S. E., & Cumming, J. (2012a). Athletes’ ease of imaging predicts their imagery and observational learning use. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 362-370.
Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2012b). Challenge vs. threat imagery: Investigating the effect of using imagery to manipulate cognitive appraisal of a dart throwing task. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 8, 4-21.
Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2012c). Sport imagery ability predicts trait confidence, and challenge and threat appraisal tendencies. European Journal of Sport Science, 12, 499-508.
Williams, S. E., Cumming, J., Ntoumanis, N., Nordin-Bates, S. M., Ramsey, R., & Hall, C. (2012). Further validation and development of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 34, 621-646.
Woodcock, C., Duda, J. L., Cumming, J., Sharp, L., & Holland, M. J. G. (2012). Assessing Mental Skill Use in Applied Interventions: Recognizing and Minimizing Threats to the Psychometric Properties of the TOPS. The Sport Psychologist, 26, 1-15.
Woodcock, C., Sharp, L., Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2012). Working within an Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning Framework: Moments of praxis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 291-302.
2011
Cumming, J., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Self-Presentational cognitions for exercise in adolescent females. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 455-470.
Cumming, J., & Ramsey, R. (2011). Investigating the effect of model type and practice format on performance expectations and actual physical performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9, 267-283.
Nordin-Bates, S. M., Cumming, J., Aways, D., & Sharp, L. (2011). Imaging yourself dancing to perfection? Cognitive correlates of perfectionism among ballet and contemporary dancers. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5, 58-67.
Quested, E., Bosch, J., Burns, V. E., Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2011). Basic psychological need satisfaction, stress-related appraisals, and dancers’ cortisol and anxiety responses. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 828-846.
Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Ntoumanis, N., Cumming, J., Bartholomew, K., & Pearce, G. (2011). Can self-esteem protect against the deleterious consequences of self-objectification for mood and body satisfaction? An experimental study with young female exercisers. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 289-307.
Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Ntoumanis, N., Cumming, J., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2011). When feeling attractive matters too much to women: A process underpinning the relationship between psychological need satisfaction and unhealthy weight control. Motivation and Emotion, 4, 413-422.
Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2011). Development and validation of the Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 416-440.
Williams, S. E., Cumming, J., & Edwards, M. G. (2011). Does the functional equivalence between movement imagery, observation, and execution influence imagery ability? Investigating different modes of MIQ-R delivery. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82, 55-564.
Woodcock, C., Holland, M. J. G., Duda, J. L., & Cumming, J. (2011). Psychological qualities and techniques relevant to young elite athletes: Significant other perceptions. The Sport Psychologist, 25, 411-443.
2010
Cumming, J. (2010). Student-initiated group management strategies for more effective and enjoyable group work experiences. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 9, 31-45.
Holland, M. J., G., Woodcock, C., Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2010). Important mental qualities and employed mental techniques: The perspective of young elite team sport athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4, .
Holmes, P. S., Cumming, J., & Edwards, M. G. (2010). Motor imagery and observation in skill learning. In A. Guillot & C. Collet (Eds), The Neurophysiological Foundations of Mental and Motor Imagery (p. 253-269). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. (ISBN: 978-0-19-954625-1)
Ramsey, R., Cumming, J., Edwards, M. E., Williams, S. E., & Brunning, C. (2010). Examining the emotion aspect of PETTLEP based Imagery and penalty taking performance in football. Journal of Sport Behavior, 33, 295-315.
Ramsey, R., Edwards, M. G., Cumming, J., & Eastough, D. (2010). Imagery interferes with action. Brain & Cognition, 74, 249-254.
Stanley, D. M., & Cumming, J. (2010). Are we having fun yet? Testing the effects of imagery use on the affective and enjoyment responses to acute moderate exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 582-590.
Stanley, D. M., Cumming, J., Walker, N., & Leljevahl, J. (2010). Not just how one feels, but what one images? The effects of imagery use on affective responses to moderate exercise. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8, 343-359.
Williams, S. E., Cumming, J., & Balanos, G. (2010). The use of imagery to manipulate challenge and threat appraisal states in athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32, 339-358.
2009
Cumming, J., & Ramsey R. (2009). Sport imagery interventions. In S. Mellalieu & S. Hanton (Eds), Advances in Applied Sport Psychology: A Review (p. 5-36). London: Routledge. (ISBN: 978-0-415-44763-8)
Cumming, J., & Stanley, D. M. (2009) Are Images of Exercising Related to Feeling States? Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity: Vol. 4 : Iss. 1, Article 5.
Hall, C. R., Munroe-Chandler, K., Cumming, J., Law, B., Ramsey, R., & Murphy, L. (2009). Imagery and observational learning use and their relationship to trait sport confidence. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 237-337.
Ramsey, R., Cumming, J., & Edwards, M. G. (2009). Mental imagery inflates performance expectations but not actual performance of a novel and challenging motor task. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 28, 331-347.
2008
Cumming, J. (2008). Investigating the relationship between exercise imagery, leisure time exercise behaviour, and exercise self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20, 184-198.
Murphy, S., Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2008). Imagery in sport, exercise and dance. In T. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology (3rd edition, pp. 297-324). Champagne, IL: Human Kinetics.
Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2008). Comparison of dancers and aesthetic sport athletes’ imagery use. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20, 1-17.
Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2008). Types and functions of athletes’ imagery: Testing prediction from the applied model of imagery use by examining effectiveness. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 189-206.
Ramsey, R., Cumming, J., & Edwards, M. G. (2008). Exploring a Modified Conceptualisation of Imagery Direction and Golf Putting Performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 207-223.
2007
Cumming, J., Olphin, T., & Law, L. (2007). Physiological and self-reported responses to different motivational general imagery scripts. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 629-644.
Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2007). Where, when, and how: A quantitative account of dance imagery. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78, 390-395.
2006
Cumming, J., Nordin, S. M., Horton, R., & Reynolds, S. (2006). Examining the directional component of imagery and self-talk strategies on performance and self-efficacy. The Sport Psychologist, 20, 257-274.
Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2006). The Development of Imagery in Dance: Part I. Qualitative Findings from Professional Dancers. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 10, 21-27.
Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2006). The Development of Imagery in Dance: Part II. Quantitative Findings from a Mixed Sample of Dancers. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 10, 28-34.
Nordin, S. M. & Cumming, J. (2006). Measuring the Content of Dancer’s Images: Development of the Dance Imagery Questionnaire (DIQ). Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 10, 85-98.
Nordin, S. M., Cumming, J., Vincent, J., & McGrory, S. (2006). Mental practice or spontaneous play? Examining which types of imagery constitute deliberate practice in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18, 345-362.
2005
Cumming, J., Clark, S. E, McCullagh, P., Ste-Marie, D.M., & Hall, C. (2005). The Functions of Observational Learning. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6, 517-537.
Cumming, J., Hall, C., & Starkes, J. (2005). Deliberate imagery practice: The reliability of using a retrospective recall methodology. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 76, 306-314.
Duda, J. L., Cumming, J., & Balaguer, I. (2005). Enhancing athletes’ self regulation, task involvement and self determination via psychological skills training. In D. Hackfort, J. Duda, & R. Lidor (Eds.), Handbook of research in applied sport and exercise psychology: International perspectives (p. 143-165). Morgantown, WV: FIT
Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2005). More than meets the eye: Investigating imagery type, direction, and outcome. The Sport Psychologist, 19, 1-17.
Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2005). Professional dancers describe their imagery: When, where, what, why, and how. The Sport Psychologist, 19, 395-416.
2004
Cumming, J., & Hall, C. (2004). The influence of goal orientation on self-efficacy in exercise. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 747-763.
Cumming, J., Hall, C., & Shambrook, C. (2004). The influence of a single workshop on high school basketball players’ use of imagery. Athletic Insight, 6(1).
Fish, L., Hall, C., & Cumming, J. (2004). Investigating the use of imagery by elite ballet dancers. Avante, 10, 26-39.
Harwood, C., Cumming, J., & Fletcher, D. (2004). Motivational profiles and psychological skills usage within elite youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 318-332.
2003
Harwood, C., Cumming, J., & Hall, C. (2003). Imagery use in elite youth sport: Reinforcing the applied role of achievement goal theory. Research Quarterly of Exercise and Sport, 74, 292-300.
Nordin, S. M., Harris, G., & Cumming, J. (2003). Disordered eating in young, competitive gymnasts: Differences between three gymnastics disciplines. European Journal of Sport Sciences, 3.
2002
Cumming, J., & Hall, C. (2002). Athletes’ use of imagery in the off-season. The Sport Psychologist, 16, 160-172.
Cumming, J., & Hall, C. (2002). Deliberate imagery practice: Examining the development of imagery skills in competitive athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 137-145.
Cumming, J., Hall, C., Harwood, C., & Gammage, K. (2002). Motivational orientations and imagery use: A goal profiling analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 127-136.
2001
Cumming, J., & Ste-Marie, D.M. (2001). The cognitive and motivational effects of imagery training: A matter of perspective. The Sport Psychologist, 15, 276-287.
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